Scientific Review • 2023 • López-Otín and colleagues; Cell
Research Summary
This review organises the biology of ageing into interacting processes that help explain why cells and tissues gradually lose resilience. The expanded framework includes changes involving genetic material, protein maintenance, cellular energy systems, senescent cells and communication between tissues. It also considers chronic inflammation and changes in the microbiome. The paper is useful for connecting cellular mechanisms with the wider body, rather than portraying ageing as a single defect with a single solution. Its scope spans experimental biology and human research, so evidence that manipulating a pathway affects laboratory organisms should not be translated into a proven human longevity treatment. It offers a scientific framework, not an exercise prescription or a validated list of anti-ageing products. The ALL tag reflects the cross-system biological scope, rather than equal clinical evidence for every Health Type.
Evidence and limitations: Mechanistic synthesis; much evidence is preclinical
Catalogue reference: KL-009. Source reviewed: 27 September 2026. This summary is independent of the publisher.